Desarrollo sostenible. ¿Realidad o ficción?.
SUMMARIES

Natural and cultural heritage; sustainable development?
MIGUEL A. ÁLVAREZ ARECES

Sustainable developing is a highly imprecise concept, which evocation could justify a given conduct. The use of words such as productivity, growth, modernisation… is presented as an adjective of the «politically correct» language. Our dominant language doesn't fit with the historical problems and challenges we bare. The author analyses the existing links between cultural, ecological and social registers in the so-called national accounts of countries.
The patrimonial accountancy of natural and cultural resources may either complete or modify the steady development, the PIB (Home Gross Production), embracing the sustainable component of development with the inclusion of the non-financial production.
The consideration of the natural and cultural heritage may contribute to shorten this divorce between man and nature, making possible an economy where the most important human purpose won't be the market, exclusively.

Technology and environmental risk; the change's arrangement
FERNANDO MÁRTINEZ SALCEDO

The gravity centre of the problem concerning environmental quality in Spain has been removed from areas of high industrial implantation to singular activities and small population zones.
There are two factors involved in the increase of environmental risk; big industries located in zones of low industrial culture and the application of technological improvements which have transformed traditional activities into another ones with a high potential risk of pollution. In that sense, technology may be in itself a risky factor, specially in the transition phase to a clean production.

Picos de Europa as a nature reserve
JESÚS CASAS GRANDE

This autor, that works on the management of Nature Reserves in Spain, has the opinion that the consideration of «Picos de Europa» as a Natural reserve is giving several problems and also developing the discussion of the ideal formula of Natura protection. The of natura reserves is continnuously rising in the last years and the actual model can be consider very too burocratic and government intervention, and also to expensive. Eighty years ago nature Reserve of Covadonga was founded and nowadays the discussion of its consideration is on. This article focuses on some critical respects of this subject.

Thirty years of ecology: a story of omissions de una civilización del trabajo sin empleo
JOAQUÍN FERNÁNDEZ SÁNCHEZ

Thirty years after the starting up of the environmental association ADENA, the author's opinion is that we face a critical moment in Spanish ecological movement. Capacity to mobilise has reduced (200.000 people mobilised against the nuclear power station) and there is hardly any study or attempt to link between the recent past and now a days. An important part of ecologists focus their efforts in keeping the «fauna» and the «flora», where political and ideological contradictions are allowed and provides more satisfaction and even reduce unemployment. Citizens consider the nature not as a problem but an entertainment.

Conceptualitation and practice of environment impact
MERCEDES PARDO

This paper analysis the conceptual and practical state of the art of Environmental Impact Assessment (both ecological and social) in Spain, since the legislation was passed in 1986. It covers the analysis of the new European legislation to be passed in Spain in 1999 as well. The analysis is made of the following aspects: the concept of environmental impact; the preventive character of the legislation; the timing to carry out the environmental impact study; the scoping and the social acceptance study; the content of the studies; the impacts minimization measures; and the administrative procedure.

The closing of production cycles; a key challenge
ESTEFANIA BLOUNT MARTÍN

Industry still relies on the old judgement (principle) «testing and mistake», evidencing the precaution principle which leads both society and eco-systems to pay a high price for it.
A determining factor of the industrial producing models in currency are open cycles of production which waste up natural resources without replacing them, generating wastes not being used in other process. Although she doesn't believe we can claim to produce without remnants she considers it viable to produce without polluting, by means of transforming lineal models of production into cyclical ones.

Environmental protection, a challenge for asturian enterprises
CRISTINA ROBLES LORENZANA / JULITA GARCIA DIEZ

The environmental protection demands at the time being an unavoidable agreement taken by enterprises. In order to let to know their answer's degree to such a compromise they count, among other instruments, with yearly information placed at the Registro Mercantil. Therefore along this abstract all the information worth to be included is also suggested.
At the same time and taking Asturian firms as reference PYMES mainly she studies the current situation regarding this matter, mentioning incentive and supporting measures, ruled by public institutions which undoubtedly will contribute to improve any management activity on behalf of environment.

Urban wastes; where changes go to
YÉNIA CAMACHO SAMPER

The big amount of wastes generated is the result of the bad use of products and process which don't employ the raw materials at their best. The author believes that a steady policy of wastes should be determined by the reduction of both generation and toxicity, taking part in process and products they generate.
The article reviews at large the new legislation (Remnants and packing) and what is the situation of materials coming from non-dangerous urban and industrial wastes; field in which we are still far away from another European countries' levels.
It finally approaches to the problem of urban wastes burning and the «new» CDR (fuel derived from wastes), options rejected by the author who, from her own experience and the information she makes use of, finds them no good alternatives due to the impact they produce in human beings and environment.

The instruction concerning pollution´s prevention and integrated control
PABLO MASCAREÑAS NOGUEIRAS

Framed by the necessary policies of prevention, reduction and pollution elimination, the author analyzes the new Instruction related the integrated control of pollution, still pending to be transferred to the Spanish Law, emphasising in that part concerning the free access to information of the industrial plants' production conditions. He ends pointing out that with information the public participation becomes a powerful instrument in the adoption of clean production technologies

DuPont: a compromise with environment
JUAN CARLOS GARCIA MARINAS

DuPont, softledin Tamón Valley (Asturias) is an industrial complex that develops programmes to link the industrial activity with the care of the environment and recover policies. The new public conscience about environment forces the enterprises to take on an strong obligation for controlling risks on their activity. The experience of DuPont in this area took the form of «the Responsible Care». The author focuses on the targets of the Company to improve their efforts on the area of security and environment care and the way to translate this efforts to the society and Politics.