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REVISTA | ÁBACO DIGITAL | TALLER LITERARIO | OFERTAS Y SUSCRIPCIONES | AUTORES | CINE, ARTE Y LITERATURA |
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| SUMMARY The heritage´s concept has been extended during the last decades with questions nontreated until then: the popular arts and traditions, the urban and industrial architecture, the rural landscapes. These testimonies unappreciated until then, entail an aesthetic dimension that relates specially to the landscape. The territory is the space of action of the mankind, the landscape is
the visible projection of that. The intervention in the landscapes, understood
mainly like an operation with social and economic objectives, must consider
the symbolic values that each community projects. The interrelations between
disciplines are the only form to integrate and to explain the information´s
complexity that offers us the modern collective landscape. Memory is more
than stones. The barriers that separated the cultural patrimony of the
natural patrimony are broken and there is a greater attention to the values
of the immaterial heritage threatened to disappear by the globalization
process. More and more often there is a talk about cultural, industrial,
and agricultural landscapes, of the relations mankind-nature. We cannot
speak of landscape without considering the protagonism of the man and
the woman in the territory, leaving its personal seal on it. The man transforms
the territory into his experience, coexistence and survival. The heritage,
the intervention of artists in open spaces, the landscape taken as a direct
product of the work of the social system, confirm the narrow entailment
between cultural promotion, economic functionality and sustainable development.
The human effort must assure the lost balances. The chimney has become an icon, an emblematic landmark of the industrial landscape. From the first brick chimneys, specially those of great altitude, developed in the preindustrial phase and the industrial revolution initiating its declivity in the dawn of the 20th century with the first metal designs and later with the reinforced concrete. The chimney as an inheritance of the past writes an important chapter of the history of the heights whose constructive dimension is darkened by the more noble architectonic models. Its evolution and technology are been analyzed in countries like the United Kingdom, Italy or the United States allowing us to enter in an unknown and important world, in its historical aspect, as well as in the functional and aesthetic techniques of the industry and of the construction. A chimney is an uncomfortable presence, an anomalous tower, that emits smoke, associated to the most negative image of industrialization. An inaccessible, inhospitable tower, totally empty in its interior, a disquieting abyss that transfers the smoke to the sky. A relative fragile construction, exposed to a fast degradation once its life is over. But, overall it is a symbolical reference of the industrial civilization of these last centuries that dominates and presides over our territories. «Nature, Landscape and Industry» Nature, landscape and industry had a more important an interactive development
of what is usually known and recognized. The artists didn´t remained
outside of the industrial event since it appears the mining activity and
the industrial constructions in the nature and the city are gotten up. The artist didn´t limited himself to represent the fact or the
changing formal reality but has taken part, next to the worker, on its
ways of life, labor work and vindications. «Territory and creative management
of the cultural and natural heritage» The Territory Museum is an option and model of work that pursues the conversion of a certain territory in an integrated tourist-cultural product; any strategy of local promotion that is sustained in projects that highlight the cultural and natural heritage must have as the most important objective to obtain the preservation of cultures, monuments and surroundings and to achieve induced effects in the territory as it creates jobs and services. The creation of a heritage offer, needs not only the knowledge of the heritage resources that sustain it, but also to know which are the interests and motivations of tourists and visitors, and to gather the demands and restlessness of the local population with its participation for its later management, taking care of interests and proposals of the several social, cultural and tourist sectors, private as well as public. It is essential to put in practice the concept of creative management of the heritage with consensus and social participation, strategic planning, sustainability, quality in the experience of the visitor, diversification in the financing sources, reinvestment in the improvement of the heritage and a contribution to the local development and to the creation of new jobs «A mining town» Aljustrel designates, simultaneously, the name of a medieval town and the set of main mines around it. Due to this proximity, the town is acquiring and reconstructing, from the middle of the 19th century to the present time -even in this phase of no industrialization- an identity with mining cultural ties. In an extended space, the infrastructures coexist: the working day becomes therefore a trip to the historical past of the work and the mining techniques used there. This case is paradigmatic of the disparity of criteria that have been used to value the Historical and Archaeological Heritage. In spite of its visibility and importance for the local and regional economy, the Industrial Heritage has been abandoned and removed from the cultural references of the town, by the local powers as well as the population. In May of 2002 the Archaeological Museum of Aljustrel inaugurated the exhibition “2000 years of Mining in Aljustrel, with the objective of disclosing, preserving and revaluing the Natural and Historical Heritage (Material and Immaterial) of the area, as well as the concept of development of the citizenship and local identity related to the diversity and plurality of cultural traces and the know-how bounded to the universe of the industrial work. «Local perception of territory at
Biosphere reserve, Old Providence Islands & Santa Catalina-Caribe
colombian» This article describes and analyzes the discourses, perceptions and practices that the local people from the biosphere reserve, Old Providence and Santa Catalina islands (San Andres, Old Providence and Santa Catalina Archipelago, Colombian department) have about their territory. «Industrial landscape: a new horizon in culture» The industrial heritage has been acquiring more and more importance in our occidental society and culture. In spite of being young, it is a huge study field in which the growing interest for the landscape of industry is becoming apparent. The discovery of this territorial dimension has made possible that labour, technical, socio-economic, anthropological, architectural or aesthetic aspects, which were before in the priority class and were analysed separately are now organized and explained in terms of their belonging to a more complex and three-dimensional network created by industry when it is implanted on a place. Industry prints its traces on the place humanizing it. We have to examine these traces in the fieldwork, as the “industrial archaeology” intends. They also have to be reassessed within the restoration processes so as to acquire a global idea of our past through their material remains. This tendency springs from France and its way of interpreting the industrial heritage but it has been spreading along the Latin Europe and Spain fully shares it. This article includes (through different works and different references) the development of this tendency, the characteristics of this landscape and the sociospatial logic derived from the industrial production and reflects specifically on the mining industry for being specially outstanding in Asturias. «Art, Architecture, engineering and landscape
in the Asturian hydroelectric power stations» In the middle of the 20 th century several hydroelectric power stations are constructed in the region of Asturias, in northern Spain, to satisfy the increasing demand of energy after a time of economic autarchy in the country. The characteristics of the singular works that affect the Asturian landscape are: the collaboration of architects and engineers in the process of construction; the incorporation of the plastic arts in the works and the exceptional landscaping condition of the locations. Seven power stations can be considered in this section: Salime, Miranda, Tanes and Proaza, promoted by Hydroelectric of the Cantabrian, in this project participates with the team of the company the architect Joaquín Vaquero Palaces (1900-1998) and Silvón, Arbón and Arenas de Cabrales, promoted by Electra of the Viesgo and projected in collaboration with the civil engineer Juan José Elorza and the architect Ignacio Alvarez Castelao (1910-1984). The aspects indicated in each one of the works are analyzed with greater or smaller intensity, within a period of construction that goes from 1945 with the Waterfall de Salime to 1980 with the construction of the Station of Tanes. «The Los Angeles River: Reshaping
the Urban Landscape» When the Los Angeles pueblo was founded in 1781, the mountains, the river and the shore formed the landscape. Today, extended grids of streets and a superimposed network of freeways conver the lowlands of basin and valleys. Punctuated by periodic clusters of tall buildings and seen against the mountains and the shoreline, they define the urban landscape of Los Angeles. Only the river is invisible, reduced to concrete-lined drainage channels, denuded of its riparian vegetation, bounded by rail lines, hidden industrial plants and beneath freeways. Several engineering projects incomplete or ill-conceived turned the Los Angeles River into a relic of the physical, economic and intellectual landscape of the 1930´s that shaped it, and a problem not solved of hazard flood control, town planning and socioeconomic regeneration of a very important urban area of the city. Though is no longer a principal source of water sustaining the city, a living river would be an emblem of responsible water management and a symbol of sustainable development. To rethink the river is to discover a unique opportunity to define urban places, join neighborhoods and communities together and reconnect us to our landscape and our history. «The Estuary of Bilbao: the industry
factory of the landscape» Nature has provided Bilbao with two essential elements for its development: the iron mineral from its mountains like raw material and its estuary. Having both in a very close space caused that the Industrial Revolution had a very special incidence in the surroundings of the town of Bilbao. The industrial and demographic colonization on this urban space originated hard industrial shorelines and very different social settlements such us the sub-standard housing of the workers and the high-quality burgueois housing. As a witness of many episodes that happened in the last 150 years, sets up the scene of industrialization and contemporary times. It establishes a story of spaces and labor episodes until now only appreciated by its productive capacity, outside of the traditional concepts of beauty. Nevertheless, the decay of many buildings, industrial facilities and tools, creates a landscape in decadance surrounded by romanticism that grants an aesthetic value to these labor monuments. Somehow the estuary is the reason of being, the soul of a place that we must value and respect. Restauration demands to think over and reinvent the nature of its landscaping quality. Answers of regeneration and respectfulness with the most significant testimonies must be given to this territorial complexity. The Estuary of Bilbao is a story of preexistence, permanence and disappearances. Melancholy and utopia, tribute and landscape. «Iraq-USA: military promise and perspectives
of a new imperial geography at the Middle-East» The freeelance photographer Alejandro Zapico takes us with his graphical testimonies to the routine of the Iraqian men and women and to their improbable coexistence with a wire fence that becomes very visible in the day to day. On the other hand, Michel Suárez, member of the Solidarity´s Committee with the Arab Cause, and member of the State Campaign to lift sactions against Iraq, offers a panoramical vision of the conflict since the Gulf War to the present time, giving clues that reveal a very different interpretation of the monolithic vision cooked by the great media. The article gathers, also, personal impressions of the author about the state of decomposition of the Iraqian civil society, learned by his practical experience in the country, and radiographs the traumatisms caused by the sanctions on the field, in the street, the schools, and the hospitals. «A hostage nation» The German Sponeck and the Irish Halliday held the office of humanitarian coordinator of NNUU of the program Oil for Food, from 1998 to 2000, and from 1997 to 1998, respectively. After verifying the injustice and perversion of the resolutions of the Security Council controled by the U.S.A., both resigned in a rare exercise of professional honesty and personal integrity. In the article they condemn the incompetence of the humanitarian programs to contain the humanitarian crisis caused by the blockade, and its exploitation as a political weapon by Washington, at the same time that explain that a humanitarian alternative to the sanctions does not exist. They believe that, necessarily, the solution must be of political nature and for that reason they exhort the world-wide public opinion to rebel themselves against the ignominy of the siege to Iraq and to unearth a truth buried under the rubbish of half-truths. |
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