SUMMARY

«Science and Francoism»
Mariano Hormigón

Very few has been said on the fascist Spanish science and the scientific activities of the State that emerged from the Civil War (1936-1939). Most of the studies and research have been devoted to the first decades of the century, stopping precisely in the war. Two causes may explain this fact: the anonymous and collective character of science, in general terms, and the characteristics of the Spanish scientists themselves, hopeless when history is concerned. At the same time, some of the scientists who worked in Spain during the Franco period are still alive, and most of them do not want to mess with the past. Those who lost the war have begun to recover part of the historical memory, but nothing, or very few, has been made from a neutral position. That is why the article urges to study the forty years between the end of the war and the death of Franco in terms of History of Science, using qualitative and quantitative methods, essays and multidisciplinar studies as in any other period of history.

«The scientific Spanish exile»
José María Laso Prieto

More than half million Spaniards had to exile in France when the nationalists forces of Franco seized Cataluña in the Civil War. Thousands more left Spain when Franco won the war. Such a huge exile was not only important in numerical terms, but also qualitatively: the most relevant figures of the Spanish culture were among those who opted for exile to escape from the cruel francoist repression. In México, France, Great Britain, Belgium, Argentina, Chile, Cuba or the USSR, the Spanish intelectuals and scientists continued working, collaborating with the development of those countries. This article comments the important case of Arturo Duperier Vallesa, a physician from Ávila, as well as other significant subjects of the Spanish scientific exile.

« The Unión de Profesores Españoles en el Extranjero (UPUEE) Meeting »

José M. Cobos Bueno
Antonio Pulgarín Guerrero
Cristina Carapeto Sierra

This article examines the history of the numerous international organizations that were created in support of the exiled Spanish scientists. The most important of them was the Unión de Profesores Universitarios Españoles en el Extranjero (UPUEE), later known as the University in exile. Gustavo Pittaluga was the president and Alfredo Mendizábal the secretary. Despite most of the UPUEE members lived in México D.F., the headquarters were placed in Cuba, where the presidente lived his exile.

«On the Silver Age of the Spanish Science: the metals again»
Elena Ausejo

In the last decades of the 20th century, the Spanish historiography popularize the term Silver Age to describe the brilliant cultural achievements produced in Spain at the beginning of the century. This work reflects on the limits of the concept of Republican Science, and specifically, the term Silver Age when applied to the science of this period, analyzing the historiographical falsifications that were built on the basis of the small structural and institutional changes produced at the time. The article analyzes, in particular, the case of the community of Spanish mathematicians from a institutional and professional point of view. The target is to create some kind of quantitative reference that allows us to study the period without the subjetivism of particular historians and chroniclers.

« Chemistry Teachers in the First Republic »
Inés Pellón González

Karl Christian Friedich Krause’s El ideal de la humanidad para la vida (1865), introducted and commented by Julián Sanz del Río (1814-1869), had a huge impact among the Spanish intellectuals of the last decades of the 19th Century. The «krausists» soon began to defend a laicist academic learning, administratively descentralized and freedom to teach. The article tries to answer a number of questions about the followers of Krause: could they aply their utopian views? How did they control the chemistry books used in the University? Who were the Chemistry teachers in the First Republic? Were they punished by the Government once the First Republic collapsed?

« Trip to Spain »
Nicolai Vavilov

Vavilov tells the trip he made, as a soviet biologist, through Spain in 1927, during the Primo de Rivera’s dictatorship. His opinions on the state of Spanish science and his views on the country and its people are extraordinarely interesting for the present time, and contribute to have another perspective of the conditions of science in the years before de Civil War.

«Pedro Couceiro Corral»

ALCIÓN CHERONI

This article deal with the life of the Galician chemist Pedro Couceiro Corral, exiled in Uruguay from 1940 until his death in 1982, and its different stages: the beginning of his career in Spain in the late 1920’s, his doctorate studies in Germany in the early 1930’s and his activism as a republican between 1936 until his exile in 1939 and following arrival in Montevideo in 1940. Couceiro had a rich personality, and formed a family deeply integrated in the country who adopted him. In Uruguay, he continued defending the Republican cause and the Galician culture.

«Blas Cabrera: his life and world»
JOSÉ MANUEL SÁNCHEZ RON

This article traces a biographical and historical portrait of the prestigious Spanish Physician Blas Cabrera y Felipe (1878-1945), forced into exile as many other intellectuals and Spanish scientists as a result of the Civil War and the subsequent victory of those who rebelled against the Spanish Second Republic. Blas Cabrera was director of the most important Physics laboratory in the first decades of the 20th century in Spain, a notorious member of the international scientific community, author of books and articles, an active lecturer, and an influential promotor of Physics and the History of Science in Spain and the world.

«Severo Ochoa: other exiles»
EMILIO GARCÍA GARCÍA

The reasons and causes of Severo Ochoa’s exile from Spain in 1936 and his following stay in the USA do not match the classical model of the exiled scientists. As a materialist biologist, Ochoa was an atheist. Politically «desinterested», Severo was more concerned with scientific research, arts and friendship values, what connects him with the materialism of Epicuro and Lucrecio. His exile may be understandable only from this perspective.

«Los Giral»
Fernanda MANCEBO Peset

Francisco Vera was without doubt one of the greatest Spanish historians of the Science. He was born in Alconchel (Badajoz), the 26 of February of 1888, and dead in exile in Buenos Aires (Argentina) the 31 of 1967 July. This illustrious man, mathematician, journalist, civil employee (the National Audit Office), philosopher and fundamentally historian of the scientific ideas, like many other Spaniards, was persecuted by its ideas. This article reviews the circumstances that gave rise to the silence that during tens of years took place surroundings to its work, after to have carried out the most important scenes of the historiography of science in Spain during the time of II the Republic.

«Francisco Vera Fernandez of Cordoba»
José Cobos Bueno

Francisco Vera was without doubt one of the greatest Spanish historians of the Science. He was born in Alconchel (Badajoz), the 26 of February of 1888, and dead in exile in Buenos Aires (Argentina) the 31 of 1967 July. This illustrious man, mathematician, journalist, civil employee (the National Audit Office), philosopher and fundamentally historian of the scientific ideas, like many other Spaniards, was persecuted by its ideas. This article reviews the circumstances that gave rise to the silence that during tens of years took place surroundings to its work, after to have carried out the most important scenes of the historiography of science in Spain during the time of II the Republic.